Cryptographic apparatus



July 18, 1950 A. H. BUCKLEY CRYPTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed March- 18, 1948 MQGED mxwmw k% kw En -5R INVEN TOR. Gi /fizz? l/yjzza/if ey BY J A. H. BUCKLEY CRYPTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS July 11,, W50

- Filed March 18, 1948 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 2 M w M W m v fir Z j July I, 1159 A. H. BUCKLEY CRYPTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS 5 Sheets-Sheet 4- Filed March 18, 1948 Run wa MN wk NN July 18 W0 A. H. BUCKLEY CRYPTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed March 18, 1948 Patented July 118, 1 950 UNITED STATES PATENT FQFFICE "GRYPTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS Arthur H. Buckley, Chicago, Ill.

Application March 18, 1948','TSerial Noi 15,591

7 Claims.

'EEhepresent invention relates to a. cryptographic" apparatus and discloses a'cryptographic device comprising an=improvement over the apparatus-shewn in my prior"Patent Number l 2,377,205, issued-May 29,- 1945.

The earlier patent disclosed that,'-by the combination or an electric typewriting' machine with "a code-tape and-a bank of permutation relays "governed-by the tape, it is practicable to-type-a message in plain texton the keyboard of the; ma'chine and yet have it automatically encipheredpso that cryptographic messages can be typed I at ordinary typing speeds.

It was also pointed-'outthat; by the use of such a machinega message maybe encoded in a manl -n'er utilizing' only thetwenty-six letters of" the 'alphabetr-cso that the crytogram-may be transi'nitted'by other means-and :may be typed or copied =onan ordinarytypewriter, teletype ma- Jchine or printing-telegraph,-for example. In ad- \iditicn' -to the above, .it is to be notedthat these cresults are accomplished by an enciphering system wherein any character ofthe twenty-six letters of the 1 alphabet may be 1 translated into =any one'of' the other twenty-five characters, or may. remain unchanged, inaccordance-with the functioning of the encoding circuits; and. yet wherein the frequency ofrecurrence of agiven character inenciphered messages will bear no relationship: to the frequency of recurrence of characters in the plain=-text,-so that commonly "practiced methods 'of deciphering the cryptogram loy theuse of recurrence tables will beuseless.

Itisthep'rimaryobject ofthe present inveni tionto providev a cryptographic apparatus wherein all of ithe'objects of theinvention disclosed in --my previous patent are accomplished, yet wherein the number *of (parts and the'=compleiiity of r-v-the encoding circuits aregreatly reduced.

A further object is to providecryptographic equipment, wherein the effective length I of-the enciphering key so greatly-exceeds the length of any message or series--ofmessages transmitted that cyclic repetition'of the key will not t'ake place. In this connection, it may be-explained thatthe effectiveness ofenciphered messages comes-under two categories. --In the first, the "secrecy of the message can: be maintained against thewiles andpracticesof cryptogra'phers for suf- "ficient duration of time'to make their-decipherzment unimportant 1 but the codes may eventually be cleci'phered. In the second; the messages are =encipheredby a means so obscure that-decipherment without foreknowledge isbeyond the realm of-methematical possibility. 30* faras knownw (Cl..i 197+4) 2 the-latter resultisbbtainable only by the employment of an' enciphering liey. of sufiicient l length "so *that' cyclic *rep'etition' of thekeynever takes place.

"The 'present apparatus isbf the second cate-- gory, since it can be shown that the cryptographic apparatus 1 or this disclosure will I encipher messages eontinuouslycaovera' period I of: years without any cyclic: repetitiom 'of theenciphering key, loand thiswithout:change or alteration of the relatively short coding-records employed. This "is-accomplishedrby the useof a key 'comprising a plurality of relatively short endless code tapes, arranged for automatic-*s'elfipermutation; so that '15 -thee errective length tof the keyds almost infinite, and cyclic repetitiomof-lthe'lkey will' not take place even-after continuous' use-over a long period of 'years.

-Itwwill 'alsdibecome apparent "from" the follow- 0 ing description zthat w-h'en ordinary. precautions aratalcen intitheuuse and storage of the equipment here disclosed, the decipherment of messages without 5 foreknowledge I of the particular encipherm'ent [procedure-Will be entirely imprac- 25 tical,-=-even though the physical equipment re- :quiredto aocomplishithelpm-posemay have fallen :into thelhandsoficryptographers seeking to break the code.

'iIThia obj-ectsisw accomplished :by the provision of -ia cryptographicaapparatus of the general type iindicated, iincludinga af combination of switches having .multiple possible positions of which only pnezismapablei. or; 'effe'ctingsdecipherment of the ccryptographicamessages, so'that the entire appar::ratusimaynbendisablecl; as'ifar as persons without -f01ekn0l2ltldgfli0f ltheiproperii procedure are coni cernedi'dby:merelyisettingithe switches to a posi- ..ition'.othert:than 'theidesignated one.

's'till 'furthen object-of the invention resides tin the pro visionrofa cryptographic apparatus to oencode. messagessimultaneously with the typing ithereoigiand at thefi same= time i automatically z-break down the encoded message' to spaced groups -of severalliletters only, vsofilliat the transmission eof thermessage by other: means is facilitated.

' 'l hese and' other bbjects areaccomplished by l the teachings of thepresent' disclosure, wherein tapreseht preferred em-bcdim'ent'of the-invention is illustrated in: the drawings attached to and fiforming a *part ofthis-specification. In the drawings,

"Figure lisa fragment'al sectional View of an electridtypewriting meehine modified in accordiance with the teachings of this" disclosure;

66 l igurez is a face'view of'astrip-of paper tape on which a typical cryptographic message is represented;

Figure 3 is a face view of a strip of tape showing the appearance of the message of Figure 2, after deciphering;

Figure 4: is a detail sectional view of the keyboard contacts, and is taken substantially on the plane of the line 44 of Figure 1;

Figure 5 is a detail sectional View of the tape advancing ratchet taken substantially on the plane of the line 5-5 of Figure 1;

Figure 6 is a front elevational view of the code tape driving unit of the present invention;

Figure 7 is a plan sectional view of the tape driving unit, and is taken substantially on the plane of the line l'i of Figure 6; i

Figure 8 is a detail sectional view of the solenoid-actuated advancing ratchet of the tape of the usual platen, the small rotating platen 29.

driving unit, the view being taken substantially on the plane of the line 8-8 of Figure '7;

Figure 9 is a detail sectional view of one of the tape advancing sprockets and is taken sub-- stantially on the plane. of the line 99 of Figure 7;

Figure 10 is a, face view of one of the three'enciphering tapes;

Figure 11 is a face view of a selector tape, by which one of the encipheringtapesis energized;

Figure 12 is a schematic wiring diagram of a portion of the circuit including the keyboard contacts, the circuit selector contactors, the circuit splitting contactor and the key actuating solenoids;

Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of the permutably operable contactors and the windings of the circuit selector contactors;

Figure 14 is a schematic wiring diagram of the circuit of the enciphering tape circuit, showing the relationship between the sprockets of the selector tape, the enciphering tapes and the ment shown of Figure 14, wherein combination switches are included in the disabling circuit of the machine while retaining all mechanical parts in their proper functioning relationship.

In this apparatus, as in the apparatus disclosed in my earlier patent,'the principles of the invention are most conveniently practiced'by the employment of an electric ypewriting machine having appropriate addition and modifications to its structure The type of machine most conveniently used. for this purpose includes a frame I 0 and atypebasketl l, in which a multiplicity of type bars l2 are mounted on the pivot rod l3. These type bars I2 are power actuated, but their movement is initiated by a multiplicity of key bars I4, each mounted on a pivot rod l5 and having a downwardly extending arm Is to trip a latch ll on a double cam l8. When any one of the latches l'l releases, the corresponding cam ill will move under spring tension and engage the rotating driving roll IQ of the machine. When the roll and cam engage, the spiral shape of the cam surface functions to move the cam to the left, and rock the arm 2| on which the cam is mounted around its supporting pivot 22. This motion will draw downwardly on the link 23, and rock the crank 24 about the pivot l5 and swing the arm 25 of the crank to the right, as viewed in the drawings. The motion of the arm 25 acts through the link 26 and the locking toggle 21-48 to cause the type bar P2 to swing ,the shaft 31.

This may conveniently be carried on a shaft 36 in bearings (not shown) and driven from a shaft 37 through a pair of bevel gears 38 and 39. A pair of idler rolls 34 are provided to hold a narrow paper tape against the platen 29, so that it will advance with its rotation. The shaft 3'! is rotated in step-by-step movement to advance the tape after every letter types. For this purpose, a ratchet wheel M is provided on the shaft 3?. The ratchet wheel is of double form, with closely spaced teeth 42on one side, and widely spaced teeth 43 on the opposite side. The ratchet teeth 42 are engaged by a dog 44, pivoted on an arm '55 carried on the shaft 31. This arm and dog are actuated by a link 46 extending downwardly to a lever 41, which is carried by the ivot rod l5 and positioned against the upper edge of the rocker plate 32, so that each stroke of countereclockwise rocking movement of the plate will advance the ratchet 4| a distance of one tooth. The ratchet teeth 43 are similarly actuated by a dog48, carried by the arm 49 on The dog 48 is actuated by a link it extending downwardly to the outer end of a leverv 52, mounted on the pivot rod i5 beside the lever ll. It is to be noted, however, that the lever 52 is somewhat longer than the lever 41, so that the stroke of the dog 18 is correspondingly greater than the stroke of the dog 44. Thus, by properly spacing the teeth 42 and the teeth 43, a means is 'provided whereby the ratchet assembly will automatically double-space at fixed intervals. That is, the dog 44 will normally engage the teeth 62 to move the distance of one of the teeth in response to every key stroke of the machine. The stroke of the dog 48 is of greater length, but merely slides onthe outer arcuate surfaces between the teeth 43 and so is noteifective to advance the ratchet. When one of the teeth is of the more widely spaced ratchet comes into operative position, however, it will be engaged by the dog 48 and the assembly will be moved a distance equal to the spacing between two of the teeth 43. Thus, the platen will advance a single space five times, followed by an advance of two spaces; and any message typed on the machine will be automatically broken into five-letter groups, as indicated on the face view I of the coded tape, shown in Figure 2.

The conventional electric typewriting machine employed in this invention is also modified by the provision of an auxiliary keyboard, so that the type bars are not actuated directly from the keys, but instead are actuated electrically through an electrical system arranged to automatically translate a plain text message into a cryptogram as it is typed. The auxiliary keyboard KB (Figure 12) ha a multiplicity of key bars 55 on which the keys 56 are carried, and these key bars are arranged to actuate a set of electrical contacts, so that the key bars themselves do not move the key bars [4, but instead act through the electrical A system to selectively energize'anyone of a bank KS (Figure 12) of key solenoids 51 of Figure 1.

Iii-taking up the explanation of the keyboard anditscontactors, attention is-called to the fact that, in a, typewriter having a standard keyboard, the keys are not arranged in alphabetical order but instead are arranged with the keys correspending-to the twenty-six letters of the alphabet carried :bytype bars in the order-Q A Z W S X EDC RF VTGBYI-INUJMIKOLP, from left to right across the keyboard. The keyboard contacts. and key solenoids areacordingly indicated in these positions-in Figure 12, as well asin Figures. 1 and 4.

The keyboard is provided with two separate, but coasting sets of key contacts; The first set comprises thirteen pairs of electrical contacts generally indicated by the ordinal 58 in Figure 1, with the several contacts of theset identified by theletters Q Z SE C F T B H U M K O in Figure 12. v Each of these contacts is arranged to be closed by either of a pair of adjacent key bars, however, so that actuation of the key A will close the: contacts Q, while actuation of the key W will close thecontacts Z, and similarly depressing anyoneofthekeysXDRVGYNJIOorP will: close the corresponding contacts S E C F T B H U M K or L, respectively.

The keyboard is also provided with a second set ofu contacts, which may be designated as circuitsplitting control contacts. These contacts comprise a. single pole double throw switch wherein the center contactor 6| is normally closed with the contact 62, but is arranged to be moved to open with contact 62 and close with contactx63 in response to actuation of any one of the. alternate keys A W X D R. V G Y N J I O P. Thisis conveniently done by providing a crossbar -64 having raised bosses 65 underlying the above-designated key bars and notches 69 to clearthe key bars Q, Z, S, E, etc. Thus, if the key A is depressed, for example, the contacts Q willbe closed and the crossbar 64 will move contact16i to break with the contactor G2 and engage contact 63. If the key Q is depressed, the contacts Q close in the identical manner, but in this casethe key bar falls into one of the notches 68 the. crossbar 6t, and the contactor 55! is not actuated. Thus, although the keyboard utilizes twenty-six keys and corresponding key bars, it requiresonly fourteen shiftable contacts to completethe necessary electrical circuits.

It has been mentioned in the introduction of this disclosure that the present machine contemplates the use of a plurality of coded record tapes, so arranged that any one of several enciphering tape may be employed at a given instant, and the selection between the several code tapes is governed by a similar perforated tape actuating a plurality of permutably operable contactors. To this end a tape feeding mechanism, illustrated in Figures 6 to 9, is provided so that three enciphering tapes, such as the tapeil lustrated in Figure 10, may be employed andthe mechanism shifted indiscriminately from one of these tapes to another by a selector tape, such as illustrated in Figure 11.

The tape advancing mechanism includes a frameshown as having opposite mounting plates It and, joined by top and bottom plates 13 and 14. The inner face of the plate 1| carries a solenoid 15 having an operating rod 16' extending to a lever 11,,which is pivoted on a sprocket shaft 1% (Figure 8). The lever 'l'l carries a spring urged dog 19 to advance aratchet wheel 8| one tooth for each stroke of the solenoid, and a notched detentwheel 82 and spring urged detent roller 83 are provided to prevent overtravel and to position the sprockets on the shaft '18 at the exact angular position desired. A dog 8Emay also be provided to prevent return movement of the sprockets.

The sprocket-shaft 18 extends through suitable bearings 85 and 86in the plates TI and: 12, and carries a pairof sprockets SI and S2 at its opposite ends The mechanism includes asec- 0nd pair of sprockets S3 and S4, which are mounted on a shaft 94, geared to the shaft why the gears 95, 96, 91 and98, o thatall of the sprockets advance one notch in response. to one stroke of the solenoid 15. Each of the sprockets is also provided with a pair of spring urged pressure rolls NH and N12,. carried on arms )3 and I04 pivoted on the studs "15. Each pair of pres.- sure roll arms is bridged by a spring Hi6 to urge the rolls against the sprockets and maintain the tapes in snug surface engagement with the sprockets.

The sprockets each include a metallic sleeve i l E (Figure. 9), mounted on an insulating bushing H2 and urged axially of the shaft 18 by a coiled compression spring H3. The bushings include end notches H4, however, normally engaging by corresponding notches H5 on clutch wheels H6 fixed to the end of the shafts 18 and 94, so that the sprockets rotate with the shafts. Thus, the prockets will normally turn with the shafts, and each sprocket will drive a separate perforated tape which may be in the form of endless loops H1 and N8 of ordinary motion picture film, but having coded perforations. The tapes include sprocket holes H9, and are also perforated with code-perforation I2], I22 and l23 in the manner shown in Figures 10 and 11, so'that a series of brushes Bl, B2, B3 and B4 are adapted to engage the metal surface of the sleeve HI through the perforations l2! and H22 of the tape H1. The sprockets S2, S3 and S l are provided with similar sets of brushes B5 to BIG, and each sprocket also ha a single brush B18, 132i; E20 and B19 positioned on the opposite side of the sprocket to engage the surface of the metal and sleeve Ill directly and complete the circuit.

It'Will be understood, of course, that any one of the sprockets may be utilized to carry the se-- lector tape (Figure 11), but for purposes of convenience it will be assumed that the selector tape i carried by the sprocket Si, and that three similar but different enciphering tapes of Figure were carried by the sprockets S2, S3 and St, respectively. Thus, the brushes Bl, B2 and B3 may complete circuits through the three rows of tape selection perforations I22, while the brush. B4 works through a separate row of perforations |2l to actuate a circuit-splitting contactor. The brushes B5, B6, B7 and B8 and the brush B23 establish connections with the sprocket S2, while the brushes B9, BID, Bl I, B12 and B20 establish connections through the sprocket S3. Similarly, the brushes Bl3, BM, Bl5, BIG and BI?! coact to establish a circuit through the code tape on the sprocket S4.

The operation of the mechanism is best olescribed in connection with Figures 12, 13 and 14, which disclose the electrical circuits employed. Figure 12 is an illustration of the portion of the circuit extending from the bank of keyboard contacts KB through bank of circuit selection contactors and a circuit-splitting control relay to the bank of key-actuating solenoidsKS. ,In this circuit the solenoid windingsforthe various letters of thealphabet are indicated by lower caselettersqazwsxedcrfvtgbyhnujm i k l p, while the manually operable keys are indicated by the upper case lettersQ. A Z W S X EDCRFVTGBYI-LNUJMIKO L P. It will be remembered, of course, thatthese keys act in pairs as heretofore noted, and that the contact BI is mechanically actuated by the key barsAWXDRVGYNJIOandP.

The contactor BI is connected to the winding C of a circuit-splitting contactor having normally closed contacts CI to CI3, inclusive, and normally open contacts CM to C28, inclusive, but arranged to open the contacts CI to CI3, inclusive, and close contacts CM to C26, inclusive, when the winding C is energized.

The circuit selection contactors are generally indicated by the numerals RI to RI3,,inclusive, and each of thesecontactors includes thirteen pairs of contacts. These will be referred to herein in the order they appear from left to right in the figure; that is, the first contact of relay RI will be designated IRI, the second 2RI, the third 3RI, etc. and thus through the entire series to the last contact I3RI3 at the extreme right of the figure. These reference characters will be omitted, however, except in connection with the examples of operation discussed, to avoid overcrowdin the figure. The several contactors RI to RI3, inclusive, are each independently energized by the windings TI to H3, inclusive, shown in Figure 13. Similarly, the circuit of Figure 12 includes a pair of code operated circuit-splitting control contacts IR22 and 2R22 actuated by the windingr22 of Figure 14. The contacts IR22 are normally open, and contacts 2R22 normally closed, but both sets reverse position upon energizatio-n of the winding r22. The circuit of Fig ure 12 also includes a winding r24 which, when energized, will open the normally closed contacts R24 of Figure 14.

The circuit of Figure 13 includes the windings TI to M3, inclusive, each connected to the power supply through a decodin switch DS and a set of four permutably operable contactors RI 5, Riii, RI] and RI8, actuated by the corresponding winding TIE, TIE, TH, and TIH of Figure 14. The contacts of the permutation relay RI5 comprise a six-pole switch having normally closed contacts IRIS to 5RI5, inclusive, and normally open contacts 6R! 5 to I IRI 5, inclusive. The permuta tion relay RIG comprises a four-pole switch having closed contacts IRifi to IRIS, inclusive, and normally open contacts 5RI6 to 8RI6. The relay RII is a double pole, double throw relay having normally closed contacts IRI'I and ZRII, and normally open contacts BRIlI and LlRI'I, while the relay RI8 is-of the single pole, double throw type having normally closed contacts IRI8 and a pair of open contacts 2RI8. The relays RI5 to R553, inclusive, act in various permutations governed by the enciphering tapes, to complete a circuit from the power supply to any one of the contacts of the decoding switch DS. This is a manually operated twelve-pole double throw .switch, in which the contacts DI to DI 2, inc1usive,"are closed when messages are to be encoded, and contacts DI3 to D24 are closed for deciphering.

In the tape selector circuit (Figure 14) the single brush BI8 of the sprocket SI is connected directly to power supply line PI so that the other brushes BI, B2, B3 and B4 may be energized toselect the code tape to be used by selectively energizing one of the sprockets S2, S3 and S4. To this end, the brushes BI, B2, B3 and B4 are connected respectively through the windings r21, r20, M9 and T22 to the opposite side P2 of the powersupply line. Each of the relays r2I, r20 and rIS includes normally open contactsleading direct to the brushes B2I, B20 and BIB, so that any one of the sprockets S2, S3 or S4 will be energized on actuation of the corresponding relay winding. The winding r22 controls the circuit-splitting contacts IR22 and 2R22 of Fig,- ure l2. Contacts R24 are under control of the winding 124 of Figure 12, but are normally closed to complete a circuitfrom the power supply line PI through the stepping relay SS and to the opposite sidePZ of the power line.

The operation of the apparatus in converting a message in. plain text to cipher is .best:.ex,- plained by tracing the operations in the orderin which they take place. Forthis 'purpose,irefe erence is made to Figures 12, 13 and 14; In these figures the various contacts are shownintheir normal or starting positions, wherein all of the relay windings are deenergized and thecontacts are open or closed, as indicated in the diagrams. The stepper solenoid .SS :is the only winding energized at the beginning'of the operation Assume, for example, that the message Cease firing at seven tonight is tobe translated into cryptographic form. This is accomplished merely by typing the message on the keyboard KB, and the message will be reproduced on theytypewriter of Figure 1 to appear substantiall as shown in Figure 2. The actual functionsinvolved, however, takeplace in the, following sequence: The contacts close,,completing a circuit from the power line PI through the contacts C and to the fifth fixed contact from. the left in all of the bank of relays RI toRI3, inclusive. Of these, all will be open except one,oasdeters mined by theposition of the enciphering tapes, acting through the permutation circuits of .Figures 13 and 14. If we assume, for example, that the code tape on the sprocket SI (now in its initial starting position) energizes only the brushB2, it will be seen that the relay winding 1720 will be energized, closin a circuit from the power supply line P2 through the contacts of this relay and through the brush B2!) to energize the sprocket S3. This is one of the code tape sprockets and may include any number of perforations from zero to four, in' order to energize the brushes 9 to I2, inclusive, in any possible combination.

. If, on this sprocket, brushes 9 and I0 are on perforations and the brushes II andIZ idle, .We will see that thewind'ings TH and M8 will be energized, while the windings H5 and H6 remain dead. When rIB isenergized, the contacts '3RI'I and IRI'! willclose as the contacts IRI'I and ZRI'I open; Simultaneously, the action of winding TIB will open contacts IRI8and close contacts 2RI8. This will complete a circuit from th power line PI through contacts 2RI8, 4RI'I, 4RI6, 5RI5 and contacts DIIi of the decoding switch to energize the circuit selection contactor winding TH and close the contacts IRII to I3RI I, inclusive Now, since only the fifth contact 'of each of this bank of relays is energized a circuit will be completed from the power line PI through the key contacts C to the circuit selector contacts 5RII, through the circuit-splitting contacts C8 and thence through the solenoid winding b and the relay winding r24 back to the power line P2. The action of the solenoid winding b in the type"- writing machine of Figure 1-will cause the letter B to be'typed. Simultaneously, with th typing through th contacts lRl8, lRll, IRIS and BRIE of the character, the winding r24 acts'to open the to the winding 1'! and back to line P2. This contacts R24 (Figure 14) and deenergizes the closes contacts IE] to URL inclusive, but since stepping solenoid SS; but since this solenoid only the first of the stationary contacts of each shifts the tape sprockets in response to closing of 5 of the relays is energized, the circuit will be comthese contacts, the tapes do not move at this pleted only through contacts IRI through the particular instant, but remain in fixed position circuit-splitting contacts Cl, so that the solenoid until the circuit is broken by opening of the key winding q is energized and the circuit again comcontacts. When the circuit is opened by release pleted through the relay winding r24 to the line of the key, winding 1'24 is deenergized, so that the P2. This causes the character Q to be typed, contacts R24 again close, to actuate the stepper representing the letter A. When the circuitis solenoid SS and advance all of the code tapes again broken, the stepper solenoid again moves one notch, bringing new code perforations into ahead to bring the code tapes to their next posiposition on each of the various tapes. tion. a

In typing the word cease the actuation of The next key to be depr d clo he key the key C is immediately followed by actuation contacts S which energizes the third contact of key E. This energizes the circuit leading to from the left in each of the circuit selection conthe fourth stationary contact in each of the thirtactors Rl' to Hit, incl sive, in the manner here.- teen relays Rl to RIB, inclusive. If, at this time, tofore described. Let us assume, however, that the tape on sprocket S! has advanced to a posiin this instance the tape on sprocket SI has tion with a perforation only below brush Bl, it moved to a position wherein brushes B3 and B4 will be seen that the circuit from line Pl will be are both energized. A circuit will be completed completed through the brushes BI! and Bi to from line Pl through brush B3 to the relay r19 energize the relay winding TN. This will comand back to line P2, and a second circuit will be plete a circuit line L2 through the brush B2! to pleted from the brush B4 through the cirenergize the sprocket S2. If we assume that only cult-splitti g relay winding r22 and back to line the brush B5 is energized, it will be seen that the P2. The contacts of relay r19 close and ener e permutably operable contactor windings ride-i5 the brush Blil of sprocket S4 while the Winding and TI! will remain dead, while the winding 148 R22 will cause the code operated circuit-sp will be energized. This willcause the contacts ntrol contacts 2R2 t p n as the t ts [RIB to open and contacts 2Rl8 to close, but will R 61056 (Figure 12) Since the y 00!!- leave the circuit of Figure 13 otherwise in the tacts S are closed and the contacts Bl-62 of the condition shown. Thus, a circuit will be comcircuit-splitting control are still in engagement, pleted from line Pl through contacts 2RlB,"2R,|'l, acircuit is completed from line Pl through-the 3Rl6 and 3Rl5 to the contacts D6 of the decoding Co t 3 a d 2 to energize the windswitch, and thence to the winding r'l. When the ingC. This'opens the contacts CI to Cl3 of the Winding T1 is energized the thirteen contacts are cir i splitting n c nd closes contacts closed. (Figure 12), but since only the fourth con- GM t 0 f we now s ume t at the tap on tact from the left is energized, the circuit from the Sp o e s l has perforations under all of the line PI an key nt t E is completed 1 40 brushes B13 to BIS, inclusive, it will be apparent through contacts am and thence through the h windings M5, M6, TI! and H8 will all be circuit-splitting contacts CH to the solenoid energized-and all of the shiftable contacts of the winding m. This winding is also in series with co taotors R 5, RHS, RI! and RM will be shifted the relay winding r24, which again functions to to t e pp sit p siti ns f m thos f Figure open the contacts R24 (Figure 14). The letter 3- It follows then that a'circuit will be com- M is thus typed, representing th character pleted from line Pl to contacts ZRIB, 4R; I1, BRIS E, and when the circuit is broken by the openand contacts DlZ of the decoding switchDS, to ing of the key contacts the stepper solenoid SS energiz e W ding rl3. This closes all the conis again energized to advance the sprockets antacts IE! to IRlB, inclusive, but since only the other notch. third of the stationary contacts is energized The next key depressed corresponds to the letthrough the key contacts S the circuit will be ter A, which closes the contacts Q of the keycompleted only through contac HRH. his leads board and simultaneously acts through the bar 64 through o tacts CIT (w ch ve closed by the to break the contacts lib-'62 of-the circuit-splitfunction of in C) 0 the Solenoid ind ting control system and close contacts Bl-63. d, and thence'back through the relay winding Now, the first stationary contact in each of the 2 to e P2, causing the letter D to be typed contactors Rl to Hit is energized, and a circuit representing the1ettersis also completed from line Pl through the com This procedure follows until the entire message tacts ZRZZ and 63-6! to the winding C of the is encoded. It is to be noted, however, that while circuit-splitting contactor. This winding, when any given letter of the text of a message is ordienergized, breaks the contacts CI to CB, inclunarily represented y 801118 other let er of the sive, and closes contacts GM to C26, inclusive alphabet, yet under Ce ta n co d on it y (Figure 12). Assuming that the movement of the n c ds Would ppen, for exselector tape on the sprocket SI has now enerample, if the next letter of the message, w ch is gized the brush B3, it will be seen that a circuit 65 w s s ck h the permutation circ its from line Pi is completed through this brush to had closed contactor RI. Then the circuit would the relay winding H9 so that the contacts of this be established through contacts 4Rl and C4 to have closed and energized the sprocket S4 the solenoid e. through the brush BIS. If we further assume It is also to benoted that each time one of the that s p o k is in a osition where none of 7, key contacts is closed and a solenoid is energized its brushes are energized, it will be seen that the to actuate one of the key bars l4 (Figure 1),, the windings rl5, rid, 1-H and 1-18 will remain dead mechanism not only operates to type thecharand the contacts of the permutation circuit will acte'r. but in additionthe arm 3| acts through the remain in the condition shown in Figure .13. plate 32, the lever M and link 46 to move the dog Thus, a circuit will he completed from line Pl '75 .44 upwardly, advancing the tape one notch and preparing for printing of the next letter. When, however, the movement of the sprocket teeth 42 and 43 reaches a point at which the dog 48 engages one of the notches 43, the longer stroke of the link 5| and lever 52 will cause the mechanism to automatically advance a double space. This happens every sixth stroke of the machine, and functions to break up the coded message into groups of five letters, as indicated in Figure 2. This makes for convenience in translating and is of advantage if the coded message is transmitted by other means, as by telegraph, for example.

To decipher a message, the sprockets SI, S2, S3 and S4 are reset to their original starting .position by grasping the outer end of each sprocket I I I (Figure 9) and moving the sprocket inwardly sufiiciently to disengage the teeth II 4 from the teeth H5. The sprocket is then rotated to the initial starting position, and the teeth allowed to reengage. The decoding switch DS (Figure 13) is shifted from the position shown to its opposite position, opening the contacts DI to DI2, inclusive, and closing contacts DI3 to D24. This, in effect, reverses the position of the circuit selector windings TI to H3, inclusive. The message is then decoded by simply typing the cryptogram as it appears in Figure 2', for example, and the mechanism will automatically translate the message into plain text, but broken into five-letter groups, as illustrated in Figure 3.

The steps of the decoding process are as follows: The first letter of the cryptogram being B will close the key contacts B (Figure 12) and complete a circuit to the eighth selector contact of each of the contactors RI to RI3. It will be remembered that the tapes are now in their original'starting positions wherein a circuit was previously established through the contacts 2RI8, 4RI'I, 4Rl6-and 5RI5 to energize the decoding switch contacts DI and energize the winding rI I (Figure 14) When the position of the decoding switch is reversed, however, the contacts DI 0 are opened and the contacts D22 closed, so that the winding'rII is dead and the winding 14 becomes energized. This closes the circuit from key contact B through contacts 8R4 and thence through the contacts C to energize the solenoid c and type the letter C on the tape. As the circuit through the solenoid c is broken by lifting the key contacts B, the winding r24 permits the contacts R24 (Figure 14) to close and advance the sprockets and code tapes to the next position which (in enciphering the letter E) had energizedthe winding r1. Now, however, the decoding switch has been reversed, so that the circuit instead of being completed through the decoding switch contacts D5 to the winding 1'1 will now be completed through the decoding switch contacts DI 8 to energize the contactor windings r8.

The second letter, M, is next struck and a circuit is completed through the key contacts M and circuit selector contact IIR8 to the circuit-splitting contacts 04 and thence through the solenoid winding e, resulting in the translation of the letter M to the letter E, which it represented.

The same procedure is followed as to the next letter, by depressing the key to close the key contact Q which has heretofore represented the letter A. At this time the code tapes will have advanced another notch to the position in which the contactor RI was closed. It will be seen, by inspection of Figure 13, that the connection to this contactor is not afiected by the operation of the decoding switch; and it follows that it will again be closed. The circuit is then completed 12 from the contacts Q through the contacts IRI and thence to the circuit-splitting contactor, but the position of this contactor has now been changed by the functioning of the Winding 122 (Figure 14), so that the circuit is completed through contacts cI4 and through the solenoid winding a.

The letter D is next translated in the same manner, and since in the original encoding of this letter a permutation circuit was completed through the decoding switch contacts DI 2 to close the contactor Hi3, it will be seen that the circuit will now be completed through the contacts D24 to energize the winding 1'2 and thus close the contactor R2 (Figure 12) This will complete a circuit from the key contacts D through the contacts 4R2 and thence through the circuit-splitting contactor contacts C3 to the solenoid winding 8. This process is repeated until the entire message is translated to plain text.

From the foregoing, it will be seen that the teachings of the present invention provide a relatively simple means for automatically translating 2. message in plain text into a cryptogram Where in the frequency of recurrence of the various characters bears no relationship to the frequency of recurrence of the letters of the original message.

Further, this object is accomplished by a device in which the enciphering key is made up of different code record tapes interrelated so that they effect self-permutation, and thus in effect provide an enciphering key of almost infinite length. This means that there is no possibility of cyclic repetition of the key, even after continuous use over a period of years; and it follows that the messages will be encoded in a manner so obscure as to render deciphering by usual methods beyond the realm of mathematical possibility.

It has been mentioned, however, that it is a further object of the invention to provide a machine of the character noted, wherein the machine may be instantly disabled; so that even though the apparatus should fall into the hands of persons seeking to break the code it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, for them to determine the coding arrangement from the physical apparatus. It is noted in this connection that this object may be accomplished by merely shifting the various sprockets to throw the several code tapes out of their predetermined relationship; but other more conveniently operated means have also been provided, as best shown in Figure 15. In this figure, it will be seen that the leads from the brushes BI B2 and B3 of the sprocket SI extend to the three poles XI,.X2 and X3 of a six-position switch. XX, so that by shifting the switch to any one of its positions the circuits between the brushes and the relay windings rI9, and rZI are altered to energize different sprockets, in response to the energization of the several brushes. Similarly, the leads to the relay windings rI6, rII and 1I8 are taken to the three poles YI, Y2 and Y3 of a five-position switch YY, which alters the interconnection between the brushes and the windings so that any one of the attended and in operating condition at any time, since the switches 1 and YY need only be moved to their proper positions when actual enciphering or deciphering is in progress.

The mechanism here shown thus accomplishes the objects of the invention in a relatively simple manner, since it encodes the message by'means of an enciphering key of almost infinite length, employing any one of the letters of the alphabet to represent itself or any other; and greatly reduces the complexity of the mechanism and the number of electrical contactors necessary for performance of the enciphering and deciphering functions; and automatically breaks the enci phered' cryptogram into spaced groups of letters as the enciphering proceeds.

Having thus described the invention, what I claim as new and desire to protect by United States Letters Patent is:

1-. In acryptographic apparatus including a typewriting device having a multiplicity of type bars corresponding to the letters of an alphabet and a type actuating winding associated with each of the type bars, the combination of a manually operable key for each character of the alphabet and a bank of keyboard contacts, each arrangedto be actuated by either of a pair of different keys; a bank of circuit selector contactors equal in number to the number of keyboard contacts, and each having paired contacts equal in number to the keyboard contacts; a plurality of permutably operable contactors adapted to close only one of the circuit selector contactors; and a circuit-splitting contactor comprising a double throw switch with poles equal in number to the circuit selector contactors, and adapted to alternately complete a circuit from each one of the circuit selector contactors to either of two type actuating windings; together with a single pair of circuit-splitting contacts responsive to the actuation of one of each pair of the keyboard contacts to actuate the circuit-splitting contactor and shift its contacts between its two alternate positions.

2. In a cryptographic apparatus including a typewriting device having a multiplicity of type bars corresponding to the letters of an alphabet and a type actuating winding associated with each of the type bars; the combination of a manually operable key for each character of the alphabet and a bank of keyboard contacts, each arranged to be actuated by either of a pair of difierent keys; a bank of circuit selector contactors equal in number to the number of keyboard contacts, and each having paired contacts equal in number to the keyboard contacts; a plurality of permutably operable contactors adapted to close only one of the circuit selector contactors; means including at least one record provided with code elements effective to control the actuation of the permutably operable contactors, and a circuit-splitting contactor, comprising a double throw switch with poles equal in number to the circuit selector contactors, and adapted to alternately complete a circuit from each one of the circuit selector contactors to either of two type actuating windings; together with circuit-splitting contacts responsive to the actuation of at least some of the keys of the keyboard to actuate the circuit-splitting contactor and shift its contacts between its two alternate positions; and additional means to actuate the circuit-splitting contactor, said additional means including a contactor controlled by the code elements of a record.

3. In a cryptographic apparatus including a typewriting device with a mechanically operable type bar for each letter of an alphabet, a type actuating winding to actuate each type bar, and a keyboard havin a key for each letter of the alphabet; the combination of a plurality of keyboard contacts responsive to manual actuation of the keys; a plurality of circuit selector contactors adapted to complete a circuit from the keyboard contacts to any one of the type actuating windings; together with a plurality of permutably operable contactors to control the actuation of the circuit selector contactors; a plurality of separate and independent enciphering records and record responsive contactors, each provided with instrumentalities for governing the positions of the permutably operable contactors in irregularly variable sequence and thus translating the characters of the actuated keys into characters printed on the machine in accordance with the position of the individual record with respect to its contactor; and means to selectively energize the record responsive contactors of any one of the several enciphering records in irregularly variable sequence.

4. In a cryptographic apparatus including a typewriting device with a mechanically operable type bar for each letter of an alphabet, a type actuating winding to actuate each type bar, and a keyboard having a key for each letter of the alphabet; the combination of a plurality of keyboard contacts responsive to manual actuation of the keys; a plurality of circuit selector contactors adapted to complete a circuit from the keyboard contacts to any one of the type actuating windings; together with a plurality of permutably operable contactors to control the actuation of the circuit selector contactors; a plurality of separate and independent enciphering records and record responsive contactors, each provided with instrumentalities for governing the positions of the permutably operable contactors in irregularly variable sequence and thus translating the characters of the actuated keys into characters printed on the machine in accordance with the position of the individual record with respect to its contactor; together with means to periodically shift the positions of each of the records with respect to its responsive contactors to effect self-permutation of the several enciphering records.

5. In a cryptographic apparatus including a typewriting device with a mechanically operable type bar for each letter of an alphabet, a type actuating winding to actuate each type bar, and a keyboard having a key for each letter of the alphabet; the combination of a plurality of keyboard contacts responsive to manual actuation of the keys; a plurality of circuit selector contactors adapted to complete a circuit from the keyboard contacts to any one of the type actuating windings; together with a plurality of permutably operable contactors to control the actuation of the circuit selector contactors; a plurality of separate and independent enciphering records and record responsive contactors, each provided with instrumentalities for governing the positions of the permutably operable contactors in irregularly variable sequence and thus translating the characters of the actuated keys into characters printed on the machine in accordance with the position of the individual record with respect to its contactor, and a record selector mechanism comprising a separate record and record responsive contactors to selectively energize the record responsive contactors of any one 15 of the several enciphering records in irregularly variable sequence; together withv means to periodically shift the positions of each of the records with respect to its record responsive contactors to effect self-permutation ofzthe several enciphering records.

6. In a cryptographic apparatus including a typing mechanism with a plurality of type bars and a type actuating winding associated with each type bar, and a keyboard having a key corresponding to each type'bar; the improvement that resides in the provision of an enciphering circuit including, in combination, a set of circuit selector contactors, a set of permutably operable contactors adapted to selectively close any one of the circuit selector contactors, and enciphering devices for governing the actuation of the permutably operable contactors, together with a circuit-splitting contactor adapted to interconnect each of the circuit selector contactors to a plurality of the type actuating windings; and means to actuate the circuit-splitting contactor including a pair of contacts manually operable by at least some of the keyboard keys.

7. In a cryptographic apparatus including a typing mechanism with a plurality of type bars and a type actuating winding associated with each type bar, and a keyboard having a key corresponding to each type bar; the improve- 16 ment that resides in the provision of an enclphering circuit including, in combination, a set of circuit selector contactors, a set of permutably operable contactors adapted to selectively close any one of the circuit selector contactors, and enciphering devices for governing v REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 5 1,357,557 Hart Nov. 2, 1920 2,151,453 Walker Mar. 21, 1939 2,377,205 Buckley May 29, 1945 2,425,518

Doty Aug. 12, 1947 

